Análisis de la adaptación de las familias con hijos o hijas con síndrome de Down durante la infancia desde el modelo Doble ABCX
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14198/ALTERN.21156Palabras clave:
Síndrome de Down, Discapacidad Intelectual, Adaptación Familiar, Satisfacción Familiar, modelo Doble ABCXResumen
Introducción. El nacimiento de un hijo o hija con síndrome de Down impacta en la vida de la familia requiriendo su adaptación y ajuste a la nueva situación. Las familias pueden diferir en su capacidad para manejar estos cambios, dependiendo de los recursos de apoyo social con los que cuentan, así como sus fortalezas y habilidades para afrontar los problemas. El artículo, a partir del modelo Doble ABCX (McCubbin y Patterson, 1983) estudia la contribución del estrés parental, la cohesión y el sentido de coherencia familiar, su capacidad de adaptación y estrategias de afrontamiento, y el apoyo social del que dispone, a la explicación de la satisfacción con la vida familiar de las familias españolas que tienen menores con síndrome de Down. Asimismo, se propone identificar qué características sociales de las familias y de los menores se hayan vinculadas a su satisfacción y a las variables predictoras de esta. Metodología. El enfoque metodológico es exploratorio y cuantitativo. Se utilizó un muestreo no probabilístico, obteniéndose una muestra de 203 familias con menores con síndrome de Down de edades comprendidas entre los 0 y los 12 años. Los instrumentos utilizados de recogida de datos fueron un cuestionario sociodemográfico de elaboración propia, y diferentes escalas validadas para medir la satisfacción familiar y los factores vinculados a ésta. Para el análisis de los datos se emplearon estadísticos descriptivos, pruebas de significación estadística bivariables, y análisis de regresión lineal múltiple. Resultados. Las familias de los menores de 12 años con síndrome de Down presentan elevados niveles de satisfacción comparado con aquellas cuyos hijos o hijas presentan otros tipos de discapacidad, confirmando así la hipótesis de la ventaja del síndrome de Down. Aquellas familias que tienen una perspectiva comprensible, manejable y significativa sobre ellas mismas, un vínculo emocional intenso entre sus miembros, y habilidades y estrategias para la resolución de problemas en situaciones de crisis, están más satisfechas con su vida familiar. La variabilidad en las dimensiones de la vida familiar investigadas está relacionada con el nivel de ingresos de los padres, el tipo de familia, la escolarización del niño o niña, y la relación previa con personas con discapacidad intelectual. Discusión. Algunas características presentadas por las familias estudiadas también están presentes en otras con menores con otros tipos de discapacidad, aunque varía la intensidad en la que se ven afectadas por el estrés, en su disposición de recursos, en su nivel de coherencia y. en definitiva, en las posibilidades de adaptación a su nueva situación familiar. Conclusiones. La investigación presentada resulta novedosa, ya que utiliza por primera vez este tipo de análisis en una muestra de familias con síndrome de Down en España. Pone de manifiesto, que la acogida y crianza de estos menores resulta ser una experiencia satisfactoria para la mayor parte de las familias. Identifica los factores clave a estimular y trabajar en el acompañamiento familiar, localizando, asimismo, las características sociodemográficas, educativas y sociales que incrementan la vulnerabilidad de estas familias y dificultan la experiencia positiva de crianza de estos menores.
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