Impactos de la develación del abuso sexual infantil en las figuras parentales no ofensoras: una revisión sistemática (2011-2021)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14198/ALTERN.23025Palabras clave:
abuso sexual infantil, develación, impactos, figuras parentales no ofensoras, víctimas indirectasResumen
Introducción. La presente revisión sistemática se centra en las publicaciones sobre los impactos de la develación del abuso sexual infantil en las figuras parentales no ofensoras. Los antecedentes empíricos previos muestran que el apoyo de las figuras parentales sería un factor clave en la salud mental y pronóstico de recuperación de los niños y niñas después de la develación. Estas figuras han reportado experiencias de estrés y menoscabo a raíz de la develación de sus hijos o hijas. Los impactos de la develación en las madres han sido mayoritariamente estudiados en las últimas décadas. Cobra relevancia el desarrollo de un estudio de revisión sistemática centrada en los impactos en las figuras parentales no ofensoras a raíz de la develación del abuso sexual de sus hijos o hijas, en la dimensión personal y parental. De manera específica se busca reconocer 1) los impactos emocionales en las figuras parentales, 2) los impactos en el ejercicio de la parentalidad y 3) los impactos en la identidad de las figuras parentales. Metodología. Se desarrolla una revisión sistemática bajo la metodología PRISMA Versión 2020. Se analiza la evidencia empírica disponible acerca de los impactos de la develación en las figuras parentales entre el año 2011 y 2021 en dos bases de datos de corriente principal, Web of Science y Scopus. Se seleccionan un total de 26 estudios empíricos que cumplen los criterios de inclusión y elegibilidad. Resultados. Los estudios muestran que las figuras parentales sufren diversos impactos emocionales ligados a la experiencia abusiva de sus hijos o hijas. Junto con esto, el ejercicio de su parentalidad se ve afectada, desarrollando prácticas de crianza centradas en las necesidades de cuidado y protección de los niños y niñas, con expresiones de ansiedad y sobreprotección. Finalmente, existe una redefinición de la identidad de figura protectora, a partir del cuestionamiento y autoreproche respecto de su rol parental. Discusión. Los impactos emocionales de las figuras parentales pueden ser entendidos desde la noción de víctima secundaria, que sufre estrés y menoscabo a raíz de la develación del abuso de sus hijos o hijas. Sin embargo, esta noción no es suficiente para dar cuenta de la complejidad de los impactos relacionales, siendo relevante reconocer cambios en la concepción y prácticas de crianza, junto con un cambio de posicionamiento respecto de su rol como figura protectora. Conclusiones. Como proyecciones para la investigación, se recomienda el desarrollo de estudios que aborden tanto a figuras femeninas como masculinas, y que analicen los impactos diferenciados según género. Asimismo, se sugiere la realización de investigaciones que profundicen en los impactos familiares de la develación del abuso sexual, incluyendo las vivencias de los hermanos de los niños o niñas víctimas. Además, la evidencia permite sustentar intervenciones psicosociales que sean sensibles y pertinentes a las necesidades de las familias y a las particularidades de las figuras parentales, para afrontar los desafíos postdevelación.
Financiación
El trabajo ha sido financiado por la Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo ANID de Chile. Programa Desarrollo de Capital Humano. Beca Doctoral Nacional/2017, Folio N.º21170739.Citas
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