Trabajo social sanitario en equipos interprofesionales durante la pandemia de COVID-19: una scoping review

María Teresa Gijón Sánchez; Rafael Conejo Trujillo; M. Belén Morata-García de la Puerta

doi:10.14198/ALTERN.25787

Autores/as

María Teresa Gijón Sánchez Universidad de Granada, España https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8465-3452
Rafael Conejo Trujillo Universidad de Málaga, España https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2932-4343
M. Belén Morata-García de la Puerta Universidad de Granada, España https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0685-718X

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14198/ALTERN.25787

Palabras clave:

trabajo social, equipos sanitarios, relaciones interprofesionales, COVID-19, scoping review, servicios de salud

Resumen

Introducción. El trabajo social sanitario es una especialización multifacética que contribuye activamente al trabajo en equipos sanitarios para prestar una atención integral en los servicios de salud de atención primaria, especializada y salud mental. Este trabajo pretende explorar la literatura internacional para identificar las prácticas desarrolladas por el trabajo social sanitario en equipos interprofesionales en el contexto de pandemia COVID-19. Metodología. Se ha realizado una scoping review siguiendo el método del Instituto Joanna Briggs, de acuerdo con el marco teórico y proceso iterativo propuesto por Arksey y O’Malley y las recomendaciones PRISMA-ScR. Se consultaron ocho bases de datos (Web of Science-Core Collection, Scopus, PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Social Work Abstracts, Social Services Abstracts y Sociological Abstracts), identificando 18 estudios publicados entre 2020 y 2022 que cumplían los criterios de elegibilidad. Resultados. El análisis temático categorizó los resultados en cuatro tipos de prácticas de relación interprofesional: intervención en crisis, salud mental, salud pública y cuidados al final de la vida. Además, señaló como tema los aprendizajes derivados de ellas: la oportunidad de fortalecer su legitimidad en los servicios de salud y fomentar el reconocimiento de su rol mediante el desempeño y valoración de sus capacidades y competencias; la aportación de elementos facilitadores del trabajo en equipo como la comunicación, apoyo, relaciones cooperativas, adaptación colaborativa y confianza; y la perspectiva de ampliar competencias en espacios de subespecialización en el futuro. Discusión. Los estudios revisados evidencian que el trabajo social sanitario desarrolla predominantemente funciones asistenciales ante la COVID-19 en equipos de atención especializada, y se centra en menor medida en intervenciones de promoción de la salud y prevención de enfermedades en equipos de atención primaria. Además, entre las necesidades abordadas, prevalece la atención ante el bienestar mental, emocional y conductual tanto en poblaciones usuarias como en los miembros de los equipos con los que colabora. Conclusiones. El trabajo social sanitario en equipos interprofesionales en pandemia desempeña idóneamente sus competencias, funciones de liderazgo y aporta factores facilitadores para el trabajo en equipo. Se requiere realizar nuevos estudios empíricos sobre su contribución en equipos interprofesionales para realizar revisiones sistemáticas que permitan evaluar los resultados de las intervenciones, así como identificar buenas prácticas y potenciar su planificación ante nuevas emergencias. También, es necesario fortalecer su legitimidad como profesión esencial y reconocer su importancia dentro de los equipos interprofesionales en diferentes servicios de salud presenciales y virtuales, así como fomentar nuevas competencias en los espacios de subespecialización. La promoción de la educación interprofesional en salud en los planes de estudio de trabajo social es clave para afrontar futuras crisis sanitarias, económicas y medioambientales. En ellas queda por valorar si el trabajo social sanitario estará bien posicionado en equipos interprofesionales para proporcionar una atención integral de forma eficaz en los servicios de salud.

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