Burnout, ansiedad, satisfacción y violencia en el trabajo en trabajadores/as sociales de los servicios sociales municipales de Sevilla (España)

Ana Vallejo-Andrada; José Luis Sarasola Sánchez-Serrano; Evaristo Barrera-Algarín; Francisco Caravaca-Sánchez

doi:10.14198/ALTERN.25953

Autores/as

Ana Vallejo-Andrada Universidad de Huelva, España https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2776-8859
José Luis Sarasola Sánchez-Serrano Universidad Pablo de Olavide, España https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9327-0370
Evaristo Barrera-Algarín Universidad Pablo de Olavide, España https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8201-9423
Francisco Caravaca-Sánchez Universidad de Alicante, España https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1209-2657

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14198/ALTERN.25953

Palabras clave:

Burnout, Ansiedad, Satisfacción laboral, Trabajo Social, Servicios Sociales, España, Violencia en el trabajo

Resumen

Introducción. Desde la aparición de la primera definición de burnout se han realizado múltiples investigaciones sobre este fenómeno en el colectivo de trabajadores/as sociales a nivel nacional e internacional, con el fin de determinar su prevalencia, factores de riesgo y protección asociados. Sin embargo, no es frecuente medir su asociación con variables como ansiedad y/o violencia en el ámbito laboral Metodología. Se realizó una investigación cuantitativa sobre un total de 109 trabajadores/as sociales en activo del Colegio Profesional de Sevilla (España) (89,8% mujeres) cumplimentando un cuestionario auto suministrado a finales del 2022, incluyendo información a nivel: demográfica, laboral, burnout, ansiedad, violencia en el ámbito laboral y satisfacción en el trabajo. Resultados. En función de la prevalencia del burnout, un 37,6 % (n = 41) mostraba un elevado agotamiento emocional; un 59,6% (n = 65), una elevada despersonalización; y un 44,0 % (n = 48) una baja realización personal. El análisis de regresión logística binaria (controlado a nivel demográfico y laboral) muestra como determinadas variables se asociaban de manera estadísticamente significativa con las diferentes dimensiones de burnout. Con un elevado agotamiento se asociaba violencia física (OR = 2,708) y amenazas (OR = 1,391). Elevada despersonalización con daños a la propiedad (OR = 5,314) y amenazas (OR = 1,125) y una baja realización personal con una menor satisfacción en el trabajo (OR = 0,968). Discusión y conclusiones. En vista de los elevados niveles de burnout encontrados, las organizaciones públicas y privadas dedicadas a los servicios sociales deben ser conscientes de la necesidad de prevenir este tipo de riesgo psicosocial al cual los/as trabajadores/as sociales están expuestos. La presente investigación podría ayudar a mejorar la salud y la calidad de los/as profesionales del Trabajo Social, así como a reducir los elevados costes que implican las bajas por enfermedad, y mejorar la eficacia de los servicios prestados. Finalmente, hay que destacar que se trata de la primera investigación realizada en España que mide la asociación entre burnout y violencia en el ámbito laboral entre el colectivo de trabajadores/as sociales.

Citas

Abdallah, T. (2009). Prevalence and predictors of burnout among Palestinian social workers. International Social Work, 52(2), 223–233. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872808099732

Ariza-Toledano, L. B., & Ruiz-Olivares, R. (2023). Prosocial personality as a predictor of burnout in Spanish social workers. The British Journal of Social Work, 53(1), 368–385. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcac134

Basogain-Urrutia, J. X. (2021). Evaluación en línea: herramientas, limitaciones y alternativas en un contexto de pandemia. Revista Docentes 2.0, 10(2), 30-41. https://doi.org/10.37843/rted.v10i2.243

Ben-Porat, A., & Itzhaky, H. (2015). Burnout among trauma social workers: The contribution of personal and environmental resources. Journal of Social Work, 15(6), 606–620. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468017314552158

Boluarte, A. (2014). Propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de satisfacción laboral de Warr, Cook y Wall, versión en español. Revista Médica Herediana, 25(2), 80-84. https://doi.org/10.20453/rmh.v25i2.249

Brown, A. R., Walters, J. E., & Jones, A. E. (2019). Pathways to retention: job satisfaction, burnout, organizational commitment among social workers. Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work, 16(6), 577–594. https://doi.org/10.1080/26408066.2019.1658006

Caravaca-Sánchez, F., Barrera-Algarín, E., Pastor-Seller, E., y Sarasola-Sánchez-Serrano, J. L. (2019). Prevalencia y factores de riesgo asociados al síndrome de burnout entre los profesionales del trabajo social en servicios sociales municipales en España. Trabajo Social Global-Global Social Work, 9(17), 89–109. https://doi.org/10.30827/tsg-gsw.v9i17.8284

Caravaca-Sánchez, F., Carrión-Tudela, J., y Pastor-Seller, E. (2018). Síndrome de burnout y satisfacción laboral en profesionales del trabajo social en prisiones de España. Revista Española de Sanidad Penitenciaria, 20(2), 40-47. http://www.sanipe.es/OJS/index.php/RESP/article/view/513

Caravaca-Sánchez, F., Pastor-Seller, E., Barrera-Algarín, E., y Sarasola, J. L. (2022). Burnout, apoyo social, ansiedad y satisfacción laboral en profesionales del Trabajo Social. Interdisciplinaria: Revista de Psicología y Ciencias Afines, 39(1), 179-194. https://doi.org/10.16888/interd.2022.39.1.11

Casillas-Cárdenas, L. (2018). Intervención del sufrimiento, relaciones y estrés traumático secundario en trabajadores sociales. Trabajo Social, 20(1), 103–130. https://doi.org/10.15446/ts.v20n1.71564

Choi, S., & Choi, B. (2015). Client violence against social workers at homeless assistance organizations in South Korea. Asian Social Work and Policy Review, 9(3), 224–231. https://doi.org/10.1111/aswp.12060

Consejo General del Trabajo Social de España (2012). Código Deontológico de Trabajo Social. https://www.consejotrabajosocialcyl.org/codigo_deontologico_2012.pdf

da Silva-Moro, J., Pezzini-Soares, J., Massignan, C., Butini-Oliveira, L. B., Machado-Ribeiro, D. M., Cardoso, M., de Luca-Canto, G., & Bolan, M. (2022). Burnout syndrome among dentists: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Evidence-Based Dental Practice, 22(3), 101724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebdp.2022.101724

de Bruijne, M., & Wijnant, A. (2013). Can mobile web surveys be taken on computers? a discussion on a multi-device survey design. Survey Practice, 6(4). https://doi.org/10.29115/SP-2013-0019

de la Torre Laso, J., y Jenaro, C. (2019). El impacto del estrés laboral en los trabajadores de los puntos de encuentro familiar en España. Revista Argentina de Clínica Psicológica, 28(4), 452–460. https://doi.org/10.24205/03276716.2019.1094

Disney, L., & Purser, G. (2022). Examining the relationship between workplace safety and professional burnout among U.S. social workers. Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work, 19(6), 627–639. https://doi.org/10.1080/26408066.2022.2090880

Dollard, M. F., Winefield, H. R., Winefield, A. H., & De Jonge, J. (2000). Psychosocial job strain and productivity in human service workers: a test of the demand‐control‐support model. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 73(4), 501–510. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317900167182

Dominguez-Alonso, J., López-Castedo, A., y Iglesias-Vaqueiro, E. (2017). Prevalencia del síndrome de burnout en personal de centros de menores: diferencias según su contexto sociolaboral. Acta Colombiana de Psicología, 20(2), 138–147. https://doi.org/10.14718/ACP.2017.20.2.7

Enosh, G., & Tzafrir, S. S. (2015). The scope of client aggression toward social workers in Israel. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 24(9), 971–985. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2015.1070233

Enosh, G., Tzafrir, S. S., & Stolovy, T. (2015). The development of client violence questionnaire (CVQ). Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 9(3), 273-290. https://doi.org/10.1177/1558689814525263

Facal-Fondo, T. (2012). Prevalencia del Síndrome de Burnout en trabajadores sociales de los servicios sociales comunitarios. Portularia, 12(1), 59–69. https://doi.org/10.5218/prts.2012.0034

Freudenberger, H. J. (1974). Staff Burn-Out. Journal of Social Issues, 30(1), 159–165. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1974.tb00706.x

Freysteinsdóttir, F. J., & Sveinbjörnsson-Brink, B. M. (2022). Is social work in Iceland a dangerous profession? Emotional and physical violence towards social workers. Nordic Social Work Research, 12(4), 492–505. https://doi.org/10.1080/2156857X.2020.1837919

García-Campayo, J., Zamorano, E., Ruiz, M. A., Pardo, A., Pérez-Paramo, M., López-Gómez, V., Freire, O., & Rejas, J. (2010). Cultural adaptation into Spanish of the generalized anxiety disorder-7 (GAD-7) scale as a screening tool. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 8(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-8-8

Gillespie, D. F. (2013). Burnout among social workers. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203056424

Giménez-Bertomeu, V. M. (2000). El fenómeno del" Burnout" en las profesiones de ayuda. RTS: Revista de Treball Social, (159), 65–102.

Goldstein, L. H., Vitoratou, S., Stone, J., Chalder, T., Baldellou Lopez, M., Carson, A., & Reuber, M. (2023). Performance of the GAD-7 in adults with dissociative seizures. Seizure, 104, 15–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2022.11.011

Gómez-García, R., Alonso-Sangregorio, M., & Llamazares-Sánchez, M. L. (2020). Burnout in social workers and socio-demographic factors. Journal of Social Work, 20(4), 463–482. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468017319837886

González‐Rodríguez, R., Domínguez, J., Verde‐Diego, C., & Frieiro, P. (2022). Psychometric properties of the Maslach Burnout Inventory‐Human Services in Social Work professionals in Spain. Health y Social Care in the Community, 30(3), 949-956. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.13256

González-Rodríguez, R., López-Castedo, A., Pastor-Seller, E., y Verde-Diego, C. (2020). Síndrome de burnout en el Sistema de Salud: el caso de las trabajadoras sociales sanitarias. Enfermería Global, 19(2), 141–161. https://doi.org/10.6018/eglobal.382631

Gosling, S. D., Vazire, S., Srivastava, S., & John, O. P. (2004). Should we trust web-based studies? A comparative analysis of six preconceptions about internet questionnaires. American Psychologist, 59(2), 93–104. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.59.2.93

Grinberg, K., Revach, C., & Lipsman, G. (2022). Violence in hospitals and burnout among nursing staff. International Emergency Nursing, 65, 101230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ienj.2022.101230

Gudžinskienė, V., Pozdniakovas, A., & Šinkūnienė, J. R. (2022). Individual factors that cause professional burnout syndrome in social workers, employed in community rehabilitation centre for addictive diseases. Society. Health. Welfare: Web of Conferences, 131, 03004. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202213103004

Győri, Á., & Perpék, É. (2022). Work conditions and burnout: an exploratory study among Hungarian workers in family and child welfare, child protection and pedagogical professional services. European Journal of Social Work, 25(5), 777–791. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691457.2021.1997926

Hoffarth, M. J. (2017). The making of burnout. History of the Human Sciences, 30(5), 30–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/0952695117724929

Holmes, E. A., O’Connor, R. C., Perry, V. H., Tracey, I., Wessely, S., Arseneault, L., Ballard, C., Christensen, H., Silver, R. C., Everall, I., Ford, T., John, A., Kabir, T., King, K., Madan, I., Michie, S., Przybylski, A. K., Shafran, R., Sweeney, A., … Bullmore, E. (2020). Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: a call for action for mental health science. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(6), 547–560. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30168-1

Hombrados-Mendieta, I., & Cosano-Rivas, F. (2013). Burnout, workplace support, job satisfaction and life satisfaction among social workers in Spain: A structural equation model. International Social Work, 56(2), 228-246. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872811421620

Horton, J. J., Rand, D. G., & Zeckhauser, R. J. (2011). The online laboratory: conducting experiments in a real labor market. Experimental Economics, 14(3), 399–425. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10683-011-9273-9

Hussein, S. (2018). Work engagement, burnout and personal accomplishments among social workers: a comparison between those working in children and adults’ services in England. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 45, 911–923. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-018-0872-z

Kheswa, J. G. (2019). Factors and effects of work-related stress and burnout on the well-being of social workers in the Eastern Cape province, South Africa. Journal of Industrial Psychology, 45(1), a1661. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v45i0.1661

Kim, H., & Lee, S. Y. (2009). Supervisory communication, burnout, and turnover intention among social workers in health care settings. Social Work in Health Care, 48(4), 364–385. https://doi.org/10.1080/00981380802598499

Kim, H., Ji, J., & Kao, D. (2011). Burnout and physical health among social workers: a three-year longitudinal study. Social Work, 56(3), 258–268. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/56.3.258

Koritsas, S., Coles, J., & Boyle, M. (2010). Workplace violence towards social workers: the Australian experience. The British Journal of Social Work, 40(1), 257–271. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcn134

Las Heras, M.P. (2020). Desafíos y retos del Sistema Público de Servicios Sociales. Tiempos de Paz, (137), 46-56. https://revistatiempodepaz.org/revista-137/

Lau, S. S. S., Ho, C. C. Y., Pang, R. C. K., Su, S., Kwok, H., Fung, S., & Ho, R. C. (2022). COVID-19 burnout subject to the dynamic zero-covid policy in Hong Kong: development and psychometric evaluation of the COVID-19 burnout frequency scale. Sustainability, 14(14), 8235. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148235

Leiter, M. P., Bakker, A. B., & Maslach, C. (Eds.) (2014). The contemporary context of job burnout. In M. P. Leiter, A. B. Bakker, C. Maslach (Eds.), Burnout at work (pp. 1-9). Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/978131589416

Lloyd, C., & King, R. (2004). A survey of burnout among Australian mental health occupational therapists and social workers. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 39(9), 752–757. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-004-0808-7

Lloyd, C., King, R., & Chenoweth, L. (2002). Social work, stress and burnout: A review. Journal of Mental Health, 11(3), 255–265. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638230020023642

Lovašová, S. (2009). Influence of supervision and preventive measures on social work with aggressive client: a retrospective view of the incidence of client violence. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 22(3), 243–260. https://www.magnanimitas.cz/ADALTA/0302/papers/A_lovasova.pdf

Lucas-Arranz, M. y Rossi-Freducci, D. (2023). Desgaste por empatía y síntomas de estrés postraumático en profesionales que trabajan en género y violencia de género. FEMERIS: Revista Multidisciplinar de Estudios de Género, 8(1), 88–114. https://doi.org/10.20318/femeris.2023.7463

Morilla-Luchena, A., Borrego-Alés, Y., Orgambídez-Ramos, A., & Vázquez-Aguado, O. (2019). Aspectos psicosociales y calidad de vida laboral en los/as profesionales de la intervención social. Prisma Social: Revista de Investigación Social, (26), 131–158. https://revistaprismasocial.es/article/view/3097

Mack, B. M. (2022). Addressing social workers’ stress, burnout, and resiliency: A qualitative study with supervisors. Social Work Research, 46(1), 17–28. https://doi.org/10.1093/swr/svab032

Mák, K., Fejes, É., Pohl, M., Kolonics, G., Tóth, G., Zádori, I., Nemeskéri, Z., Hesszenberger, D., Fehér, G., & Tibold, A. (2020). Burnout among social workers. Orvosi Hetilap, 161(44), 1884–1890. https://doi.org/10.1556/650.2020.31796

Martínez-López, J. Á., Lázaro-Pérez, C., & Gómez-Galán, J. (2021). Predictors of burnout in social workers: the COVID-19 pandemic as a scenario for analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(10), 5416. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105416

Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981). The Maslach Burnout Inventory. Consulting Psychologist Press. https://doi.org/10.1037/t05190-000

Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1986). Maslach Burnout Inventory (2nd edition). Consulting Psychologists Press.

Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E., & Leiter, M. P. (1997). Maslach Burnout Inventory: Third edition. In C. P. Zalaquett & R. J. Wood (Eds.), Evaluating stress: A book of resources (pp. 191–218). Scarecrow Education.

Montenegro, E. M., y Montenegro, M. E. (2020). Re-pensando el campo de intervención del trabajo social junto a las víctimas de violencia de género, durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Difusiones, 18(18), 59-67. https://ediciones.ucse.edu.ar/ojsucse/index.php/difusiones/article/view/66

Morales-Llamas, Z., Pérez-Hernández, S., y Rodríguez-Suárez, G. (2020). Estudio exploratorio sobre el síndrome de Burnout en la profesión de Trabajo Social y su relación con variables del contexto laboral. Trabajo Social Global-Global Social Work, 10(19), 304–321. https://doi.org/10.30827/tsg-gsw.v10i19.11375

Morilla-Luchena, A., y Vázquez-Aguado, O. (2023). Pasión por el trabajo y compromiso organizacional en profesionales que trabajan con personas migrantes: aproximación en entidades españolas. Alternativas. Cuadernos de Trabajo Social, 30(2), 228-249. https://doi.org/10.14198/ALTERN.22399

Muñoz-Moreno, R., Chaves-Montero, A., Morilla-Luchena, A., & Vázquez-Aguado, O. (2020). COVID-19 and social services in Spain. PLoS One, 15(11), e0241538. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241538

Munyoro, A., & Mavhungu, C. (2022). Mental health and historical trauma among social workers working with victims of violent crime in South Africa. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 32(3), 308–324. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2021.1896408

Murayama, H., Nonaka, K., Hasebe, M., & Fujiwara, Y. (2020). Workplace and community social capital and burnout among professionals of health and welfare services for the seniors: A multilevel analysis in Japan. Journal of Occupational Health, 62(1), e12177. https://doi.org/10.1002/1348-9585.12177

Nam, P. T., Dung, N. H., Liem, N. K., Hung, N. T., Giang, T. S., Trang, V. T., Lan, N. T. M., Diem Ngoc, T. H.T., Long, N. X., Van Tung, T., Hoang, L. T., Phuong, N.T., Thanh Tuyen, N.T., Anh Thu, V. N., Ly, D. K. K., Dung, V. & Vui, L.T. (2022). Anxiety among hospital social workers in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam during the COVID-19 pandemic: Suggestions for social work administration. International Journal of Mental Health, 52(4), 437-451. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207411.2022.2084671

National Association of Social Workers (2013). NASW standards for social work practice with clients with substance use disorders. National Association of Social Workers. https://www.socialworkers.org/Practice/NASW-Practice-Standards-Guidelines/NASW-Standards-for-Social-Work-Practice-with-Clients-with-Substance-Use-Disorders

Padyab, M., Richter, J., Nygren, L., & Ghazinour, M. (2013). Burnout among social workers in Iran: relations to individual characteristics and client violence. Global Journal of Health Science, 5(4) 142–151. https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v5n4p142

Romero-Martín, S., Elboj-Saso, C., y Iñiguez-Berrozpe, T. (2020). Burnout entre los/as profesionales del Trabajo Social en España. Estado de la cuestión, Trabajo Social Global-Global Social Work, 10(19), 48-78. https://doi.org/10.30827/tsg-gsw.v10i19.15342

Ruiz, G. R. R. (2021). La dimensión constitucional del principio de transparencia y el derecho de información activa. Revista de Derecho Político, 1(110), 47-78. https://doi.org/10.5944/rdp.110.2021.30328

Savaya, R., Levin, L., & Roziner, I. (2021). Social workers in Israel: daily stressors, work benefits, burnout and well-being. The British Journal of Social Work, 51(1), 318–339. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcaa087

Scanlan, J. N., Still, M., Radican, J., Henkel, D., Heffernan, T., Farrugia, P., Isbester, J., & English, J. (2020). Workplace experiences of mental health consumer peer workers in New South Wales, Australia: A survey study exploring job satisfaction, burnout and turnover intention. BMC Psychiatry, 20, 270. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02688-9

Sicora, A., Nothdurfter, U., Rosina, B., & Sanfelici, M. (2022). Service user violence against social workers in Italy: Prevalence and characteristics of the phenomenon. Journal of Social Work, 22(1), 255–274. https://doi.org/10.1177/14680173211009188

Singer, J., Cummings, C., Moody, S. A., & Benuto, L. T. (2020). Reducing burnout, vicarious trauma, and secondary traumatic stress through investigating purpose in life in social workers. Journal of Social Work, 20(5), 620–638. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468017319853057

Smith, R. J., & Clark, S. J. (2011). Does job resource loss reduce burnout and job exit for professionally trained social workers in child welfare? Children and Youth Services Review, 33(10), 1950–1959. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.05.026

Solomonidou, A., & Katsounari, I. (2022). Experiences of social workers in nongovernmental services in Cyprus leading to occupational stress and burnout. International Social Work, 65(1), 83–97. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872819889386

Sousa, S., Silva, I. S., Veloso, A., Tzafrir, S., & Enosh, G. (2014). Client’s violence toward social workers. Tékhne, 12, 69–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tekhne.2015.01.006

Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(10), 1092-1097. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092

Stanley, S., Buvaneswari, G. M., & Arumugam, M. (2021). Resilience as a moderator of stress and burnout: A study of women social workers in India. International Social Work, 64(1), 40–58. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872818804298

Stevens, M., & Higgins, D. J. (2002). The influence of risk and protective factors on burnout experienced by those who work with maltreated children. Child Abuse Review, 11(5), 313–331. https://doi.org/10.1002/car.754

Tartakovsky, E., & Baltiansky, G. (2023). A bicultural model of social work with immigrants: Professional interventions, acculturation orientations, and burnout of social workers. Journal of Social Work, 23(3), 443–462. https://doi.org/10.1177/14680173221144410

Tartakovsky, E. (2016). Personal value preferences and burnout of social workers. Journal of Social Work, 16(6), 657–673. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468017315589872

Tartakovsky, E. (2021). Acculturation orientations, professional interventions and burnout amongst ethnic minority social workers working with ethnic minority clients: a case of Arab citizens of Israel. The British Journal of Social Work, 52(3), 1612–1631. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcab112

Vîrgă, D., Baciu, E.-L., Lazăr, T.-A., & Lupșa, D. (2020). Psychological capital protects social workers from burnout and secondary traumatic stress. Sustainability, 12(6), 2246. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12062246

Wang, Y., Zhang, H., Lei, J., & Yu, Y. (2019). Burnout in Chinese social work: Differential predictability of the components of the Maslach Burnout Inventory. International Journal of Social Welfare, 28(2), 217–228. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijsw.12339

Warr, P., Cook, J., & Wall, T. (1979). Scales for the measurement of some work attitudes and aspects of psychological well‐being. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 52(2), 129–148. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1979.tb00448.x

Yang, Q., Yang, L., Yang, C., Wu, X., Chen, Y., & Yao, P. (2023). Workplace violence against nursing interns and patient safety: The multiple mediation effect of professional identity and professional burnout. Nursing Open, 10(5), 3104–3112. https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.1560

Zhang, N., & He, X. (2022). Role Stress, Job Autonomy, and Burnout: The Mediating Effect of Job Satisfaction among Social Workers in China. Journal of Social Service Research, 48(3), 365–375. https://doi.org/10.1080/01488376.2022.2048289

Zheng, G., Lyu, X., Pan, L., & Chen, A. (2022). The role conflict-burnout-depression link among Chinese female health care and social service providers: the moderating effect of marriage and motherhood. BMC Public Health, 22, 230. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-12641-y